7.
Eco-environment Conservation
The work of eco-environment
conservation and construction was strengthened to
some extent, and the eco-environments of urban and
rural areas were improved. However, the trend of eco-environmental
degradation in some regions was not effectively controlled,
and some global environmental problems occured such
as invasive alien species and other effects of global
warming, like the shrinkage of glaciers.
Species Resource
Yunnan 's biodiversity
plays an important role both nationally and internationally.
426 families, 2,592 categories and 17,000 species
of higher plants have been found in Yunnan , which
respectively covered 88.4%, 68.7% and 62.9% of the
total number of their kind in China . A total of 254
species are included as key species to be protected
by the ¡®List of 1 st Batch of Wild Plants under Special
State Protection' endorsed by the state council, of
which 120 species are from Yunnan Province, covering
47.2% of the total. 1,737 species of vertebrates have
been found in Yunnan, covering 58.2% of this species
type found in China. Among these, 296 species are
mammals covering 49.9% of China's total, 792 are birds,
covering 66.5%, 102 are amphibians, covering 44.1%,
151 are reptiles, covering 39.2%, and 399 are freshwater
fish, covering 50%.
Endangered Species
Yunnan's endangered and
rare species resources are 67.5% of China 's total,
which amounts to the greatest concentration in the
Country. 151 national-level key endangered and rare
plants can be found in Yunnan, or 42.6% of China 's
total. 199 endangered and rare animals in Yunnan were
identified at national-level to be protected, covering
59.4% of China 's total. Of these, 23 species, including
the Asian elephant, the wild bull, the green peacock,
and the red-neck crane, are unique to Yunnan . Owing
to human activities such as production, household
life, development and construction, many natural habitats
for common wild rice, medical rice and wart-grain
rice, were severely destroyed.
Types and Area of Wetland
Yunnan has many natural
wetlands, such as lake wetlands, marsh wetlands, seasonal
wetlands, river wetlands. Artificial wetlands have
also been developed in the form of reservoirs and
pools. The area of lakes in Yunnan is approximately
116,400 hectares. Of these, 37 lakes have an area
of more than 1km2, with a total area of
96,600 hectares. The area covered by rivers is approximately
120,200 hectares, and the area of marshes is approximately
3,900 hectares.
Nature Reserves
By the end of 2003, there
were 186 nature reserves established in Yunnan , with
a total area of 3.4055 million hectares covering 8.64%
of the total area of the province. Of these, 13 were
classified as nature reserves at national level, 49
at provincial level, 68 were at city level, and 56
at county level. Two national-level nature reserves,
namely Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve and Gaoligongshan
Mountain Nature Reserve, entered the network of the
Man and Biosphere Program.
Rock Desertification
According to an investigation
in 2003, 115 counties of the total 129 counties and
county-level cities and districts in Yunnan had karst
geomorphy. Of these, the area of karst landform in
61 counties covered between 30.0% and 96.6% of the
total. In these 61 counties, the area of karst landform
was 94,000 km2 , and the area of rock desertification
was 30,200 km2 covering 32.2% of the area
karst geomorphy in 61 counties.
Water and Soil Erosion
The area of water and
soil erosion was 141,300 km2, covering
36.9% of the total land area. The total volume of
soil erosion was 513.50 million tons. The average
rate of erosion was 1,340 tons/km2¡¤ year,
with an average yearly depth of 1mm.
Fertilizer and Agricultural Film
According to
rough estimates, the total volume of fertilizer use
was 1.20 million tons, calculated by the net weight
of the principal active agent in the fertilizer. Of
this, nitrogen fertilizer was 0.70 million tons of
the total, phosphorus fertilizer 0.20 million tons,
potassium (K) fertilizer 97,000 tons and compound
fertilizer 0.20 million tons. The area of agricultural
film used reached 0.30 million hectares with a total
weight value of 40,000 tons.
Measures
and Actions
Enforcement of Eco-environment Conservation
Guidelines in China
Initial Provincial
Eco-Function Zoning has been completed, with the identification
of 5 first-class zones, as well as 19 second-class
and 63 third-class zones. Preparatory work for Northwest
Yunnan National Eco-function Conservation Area has
commenced. Planning on the Key Resource Development
and Protection Zone Pilot was completed. The pilot
on national eco-environment supervision was implemented
in Dali and Wenshan prefecture, Yimen and Bingchuan
County.
Construction of Nature Reserves
In 2003, Dashanbao
Hill Black-neck Crane Nature Reserve in Zhaotong Prefecture,
Huanlianshan Hill Nature Reserve in Luchun County
and Wenshan Nature Reserve, were enhanced to be national-level
ones. Some 26 new nature reserves, at prefecture,
city and county level, were established; with the
total area of nature reserves increased by 411,300
hectares.
Ecological Demonstration
Area Construction
10 new national-level
Ecological Demonstration Area pilots were constructed.
In total by the end of 2003 there was 1 national-level
ecological demonstration area, and 16 pilot sites
of national-level ecological demonstration area, located
in 21 counties and cities, with a total area of 6.7099
million hectares.
Construction of Eco-Town
and Township and Eco-agriculture
The campaign of Eco-Town
and Township Construction was implemented in 180 towns
and townships. The campaign of establishing National
Environmental Beautiful Towns and Townships was undertaken
in 10 towns and townships, among which Da Yan township
in Li Jiang prefecture was awarded as a winner by
the central government of China. In the whole province,
74 townships and villages were involved in the campaign
for eco-agriculture pilots. Some 33 eco-friendly pilot
gardens were established and 65,000 households were
identified as eco-friendly households. 39 counties
started establishing the eco-agriculture pilots, with
a population of 7.833 million, representing a land
area of 0.4136 million hectares.
Wetland Conservation and Construction
Existing wetlands continue
to be protected. The sewage treatment system for artificial
wetlands, treatment facility for rural areas, non-point
pollution sources and the protection belt around the
Lake shore were completed or under construction. A
campaign of law enforcement investigation was implemented
and offensive practices against the eco-environmental
degradation of wetlands were strictly punished and
controlled. Dissemination regarding wetlands was greatly
enhanced during this period.
Investigation of Pollution Sources within
the Livestock Raising Sector
The investigation of
pollution sources within the livestock raising sector
was completed. Some basic information was collected.
For example, the total number of livestock, which
was being raised in the pens. The total volume of
livestock manure created and lost was also calculated.
For details, the volume of COD generation and loss
was respectively 3.33 million tons and 0.37 million
tons; the BOD was respectively 2.78 million tons and
0.25 tons; ammonia nitrogen was respectively 0.34
million tons and 90,000 tons; TP was 0.17 million
tons and 0.20 million tons; and TN's was 0.83 million
tons and 0.43 million tons.
Bio-Species Resources Investigation
The bio-resources investigation
was completed, focusing on the agencies for management,
development and research of bio-species resources.
Based on the investigation, the current situation
of bio-species' protection and management was clarified,
and a range of countermeasures were put forward to
lay the foundations for future work.
Key Projects on Water and Soil Conservation
The following projects
were implemented, including a key project on water
and soil conservation in the upstream areas of the
Yangtze River, a project funded by national bonds,
an integrated pilot project on water and soil conservation
in the limestone area along Nanpanjiang River in the
upstream of Pearl River, and a number of key provincial-level
projects.
Water and Soil Erosion Treatment
The total area of
water and soil erosion treated was 2,439 km2
and an area of 5,000km2 was started to
be protected. A total of 535.64 million Yuan was invested
in this regard, of which 69.36 million Yuan was derived
from national government, 37.14 million Yuan was drawn
from local government, and 429.14 million Yuan was
from other agencies, citizens and civil society organisations.
A total of 1,030 proposals on water and soil erosion
treatment were approved. 7.28 million Yuan was levied
in fees for water and soil erosion prevention and
treatment and compensation for the construction of
water and soil erosion treatment facilities.
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